Mental Practice and Musical Memory: A Selected Review of Literature with Practical Pedagogical Implications

Introduction In 1837, Clara Wieck performed a Beethoven piano sonata from memory on the concert stage. At the time, it was highly unusual to perform from memory, and even considered haughty (Mishra 2014). By the 1900s, performances from memory had become commonplace. In the 21st century, orchestral and chamber music performances are almost always given…